In Cedric Price’s Fun Palace [1960-1961] public had unprecedented control over their environment, resulting in a building, which could be responsive to visitors’ needs. An open environment pre-defined by the designer to be activated by the user.

Given the right conditions [e.g. flexible rules for spatial growth, shrinkage or land use] up to 68% of the end users do modify their physical surroundings.

The end user has particular and difficult-to-predict needs. The comfort level of the environment depends on the proper provision of these specific programs. [think of living, working, and playing needs of not only the nuclear families with or without

Mastering cities based on the agency is not a new approach. There has been an influential wave during the 70’s based on the politically colored

Basing the urban emergence and evolution on the agent gives the unique opportunity to study

As agents communicate, interact, negotiate they give birth to unexpected behaviors. The sum of

The tragedy of commons shows how important the agent interaction is for the existence of an open system.

Almere-Haven [1976] was born as a reaction to postwar modernistic urban design schemes. An idealistic team of planners, sociologists and

Gulensu [started out in the late 60’s and saw an accelerated growth in mid 70’s] was a result of influx into metropolitan cities of turkey; in this case Istanbul. The inhabitants organized

book post for Cities and Complexity by Michael Batty